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The sculpture features the faces of four American presidents — Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln — carved into a granite slope over the Black Hills of South Dakota. In the eight decades since the carving was completed, it has never been without controversy. Having decided on the location of the sculpture, Borglum decided to make the monument of four presidents of the United States.
Carving
We honor America’s greatest heroes in this way because we owe them a debt we owe our ancestors. Mt. Rushmore National Monument was designed by sculptor Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum. The monument features the faces of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Mount Rushmore’s duality—sacred indigenous ground, patriotic bucket-list destination—means it remains a protest site today.
Mount Rushmore and the Lakota People
The project was carried out between October 4, 1927 and October 31, 1941. The faces were carved with explosives and chisels by over 400 workers. In 2021, the National Park Service anticipates that 2.5 million visitors will come to the park.
The Loss of a Sacred Land
Our forefathers and mothers made the ultimate sacrifice so that we might live in a democracy. Mount Rushmore is also a source of inspiration for young people, as evidenced by the example set by great leaders who have made significant contributions to history. Today, nearly three million visitors come each year to ogle the massive busts, each as tall as a six-story building. After hearing about a project to chisel the Confederate leaders on the face of Stone Mountain in Georgia, Robinson wrote the sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, and invited him to the Black Hills.
Gutzon's interest in art developed early but he didn't receive any formal training until he attended a private school in Kansas. Shortly after being awarded the equivalent of a high school diploma he moved with his family to California. He worked there for a time as a lithographer's apprentice, but after six months he struck out on his own.
Ah the good old days of travel when you could look at anything without the crowds. We also recommend arriving first thing in the morning to beat the tour busses. But we also found that just before sunset was pretty good as well because people were making their way to their seats for the light show. While the buildings are closed on December 25, the visitor facilities at Mount Rushmore National Memorial are open all year, seven days a week. As you make your way back to Grand View Terrace from Presidential Trail, pop in to the Sculptures Studio to learn about how Mount Rushmore was carved, blasted and completed.
On July 4, 1930, a dedication ceremony was held for the head of Washington. After workers found the stone in the original site to be too weak, they moved Jefferson’s head from the right of Washington’s to the left; the head was dedicated in August 1936, in a ceremony attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1929, during the last days of his presidency, Coolidge signed legislation appropriating $250,000 in federal funds for the Rushmore project and creating the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission to oversee its completion. Boland was made the president of the commission’s executive committee, though Robinson (to his immense disappointment) was excluded. Mount Rushmore is rumored to have five faces, all of which are not present.
Given issues over the wording and funding and the fact that people wouldn't be able to read it from a distance, that idea was scrapped. Jefferson’s was dedicated in 1936—with then-president Franklin Roosevelt in attendance—and Lincoln’s was completed a year later. The project, which cost $1 million, was funded primarily by the federal government. According to the National Park Service, the first face to be chiseled was George Washington’s; Borglum first sculpted the head as an egg shape, his features added later.
Land dispute
On October 4, 1927, sculpting begins on the face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota. It would take another 12 years for the granite images of four of America’s most revered presidents—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt—to be completed. It’s fitting to commemorate the dedication of the National Statuary Hall, which honors America’s greatest heroes while also celebrating the country’s rich history. The hall’s purpose is to commemorate those who built America, and it serves as a reminder of the nation’s debt to its forefathers. The National Statuary Hall is a magnificent monument to the people who created America.
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse led a number of tribes in fighting the U.S. As a result, American Indian Movement activists took over the site in 1973. In 1927, a white man from Connecticut traveled to the Black Hills to drill a hole in the ground near the tops of Mount Rushmore, where four white men’s faces would later be carved. An artist was commissioned to create a memorial for the Sioux nation to counterbalance the white faces of Rushmore. The Crazy Horse monument has elicited criticism and dissent from its opponents.
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Borglum’s technique involved blasting away much of the rock with explosives, drilling a large number of closely spaced holes, and then chipping the remaining rock away until the surface was smooth. Much of the 450,000 tons of rock removed in the process was left in a heap at the base of the memorial. The federal government paid most of the nearly $1 million cost, with much of the remainder coming from private donations. Washington’s head was dedicated in 1930, Jefferson’s in 1936, Lincoln’s in 1937, and Roosevelt’s in 1939. Gutzon Borglum, a member of the Freemasons and the sculptor responsible for Stone Mountain, wanted his defining work, Mount Rushmore in Keystone, South Dakota, to be a much bigger undertaking than it ended up being anyway. Finished by Borglum's son, Lincoln, Mount Rushmore as it stands today, with the heads of presidents (from left to right) Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt and Lincoln, carved into a granite rock face, took about 14 years to complete.
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